SWOT Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SWOT - Case Study Example The Dim lighting company is faced with several problems that include macro and micro challenges, the macro challenges are those that are outside the reach of the company to solve them using internal mechanisms, in other words, they are the opportunities and threats that the company faces. One of the greatest threat that the company faces is the lack of adequate funds to support its research and development kitty which Mr Spinks, the director of research and development at the company puts at 1.2 million dollars per year for two years then an additional 500, 000 dollars to initiate production the micro miniaturization project (Brown, 2011, p81). Another threat that is facing the company is the decline in the profit margin for the last one year, which has an implication on the image of the business to the outsiders. The company however, is not without some opportunities, the major opportunity that the company has is that it acts as a profit centre therefore it is able to manage its resources with minimal interference from the corporate head office, in addition, this enables it to make its own decisions and implement them in order to remain competitive in the market. In addition, the fact that the company can be able to look for funds from the head office to invest in research and development is an opportunity that may not be available to all such firms. Internally, the strength of the company is that it has Mr Spinks as the director of research and development; Mr Spinks is a respected person in research as he is considered as one of the best brains in research, this can be seen in the numerous awards that he has received from different science societies . With Mr Spinks as a director, Dim lighting company is likely to be always ahead of other companies in terms of technology and renovation; this is evident from the multimillion-research project that he wants to undertake on micro miniaturization

Interpersonal Conflict Essay -- essays research papers fc

Interpersonal Project   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My friends and I play poker on a regular basis. One of my friends, let’s call him Tim, constantly plays bad hands and often catches lucky breaks. Tim and I have been friends since middle school, but one night we got into a very big argument which almost became physical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In one particular hand, Tim made what was in my opinion a horribly bad call. Ask most poker players and they will tell you that they would have folded in this situation. Nonetheless, he got incredibly lucky and ended up knocking me out of the tournament. Having lost my money, I was extremely upset and I very angrily asked him why he called my raises. He gave a weak shrug, a half-smirk, and said something along the lines of â€Å"I thought I had you beat.† To me this came off as very sarcastic, and I took it offensively and started shouting at him. We exchanged verbal blows and the argument was fast becoming physical before our friends restrained us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this conflict, there was a great deal of missteps in communication, or â€Å"the process of creating and sharing meaning through the use of symbols† (Dobkin and Pace, 7), by both Tim and I, and the whole ordeal could have easily been avoided if either of us had used slightly better judgment. To begin with, I was the initiator, or â€Å"one who begins or advances the communication process by generating a message† (12), of communication and had I not said anything in the first place, this conflict would be nonexistent. Had I simply walked away and â€Å"cooled off† before speaking to Tim, I would have not been so offensive and the conversation would not have escalated to such dramatic extremes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I also made a few errors as an interpreter, or â€Å"one who perceives and attempts to understand a message† (12). I may have misinterpreted Tim’s nonverbal communication, or â€Å"messages expressed through symbols other than words† (14). I registered his smirk and the inflection in his voice as symbols, or â€Å"words, images, gestures, and expressions that we use to represent our thoughts† (9), of sarcasm and arrogance. This infuriated me, but I may have exaggerated his actions. The smirk may have just been a suppressed smile because he was happy to have gotten so lucky, and it is possible that I just imagined that sarcasm in his voice. Had I... ..., I wouldn’t have been so offensive in my reaction. Also, once I starting verbally assaulting Tim, he was very quick to do the same to me, which isn’t the best way to avoid a fight. Even though I was mostly at fault for this dispute, Tim could have done a few things differently to avoid this quarrel as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Major conflicts can arise from any situation, even over a simple hand of poker. Tim and I didn’t make the best decisions in our communication process, and we ended up at each other’s throats. Be that as it may, we eventually apologized to each other, and are still good friends. We still play poker together, although now we are a little more courteous if we win or lose a hand to each other. Even so, we should have used better judgment in this situation. There were a great deal of things each of us could have done in order to avoid this outburst of aggression, and yet we let our anger spill out and we ended up with the worst-case scenario. Works Cited Dobkins, Bethami A., and Roger C. Pace. Communication in a Changing World. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  York: McGraw Hill, 2003.

Two Statuettes of Two Worshipers

â€Å"Two Statuettes of two worshipers†, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar), Iraq, ca. 2700 BCE. Ever since the beginning of time man has always had an eye for art. They have always been fascinated by what they see. For the most part art has to this day great meaning. Ranging from a person’s play toy to a sculpture opening people’s eyes to a flash back in time where Gods ruled. The art work I chose â€Å"two Statuettes of two worshipers†, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar), Iraq, ca. 2700 BCE. Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone, male figure approximately 2’6’’ high. This peace symbolizes something quite important it shows man’s transition from the wild to civilized society. These statuettes demonstrate how religion and social standings play a giant role in people’s lives and artwork. Man started off Living spot to spot following food whether in animal meat or plants. Never had they stopped and lived in a central place for a long period of time. The Neothithic Revolution came to be c8000-6000 BCE. Where people stopped there day to day nomadic lifestyle and actually set up a Civilization. This started in Mesopotamia known as the land between two rivers. With a civilization came Upper classes, Domestication of animals, and Specialization of labor. Unfortunately Mesopotamia had no natural defenses so large varieties of people lived there because of the takeovers from wars. Sumerians coming from Mesopotamia (now known as southern Iraq) were the people most known because of their invention of writing. The writing known as cuneiform, using pictorial language to keep track of transactions. Ancient Sumer was made up of a dozen or so independent city states so it was not unified. Along with civilization came religion and social classes. Who were early humans praising? They were praising the Gods. As for social classes it was rulers and priests at the top then laborers came under them. The Sumerians constructed ziggurats. The ziggurats acted as a place of worshiping the Gods. But the downside was that not just anyone was allowed inside. It was only available to the worshipped or the priests. At this period in time female goddesses were still worshipped. This was due to the fact that a female can reproduce and give life. The art I chose reflected an offering and sort of gift for the female goddess Inanna. The two sculptures were said to be given as a gift for divine bringing, these types of statues often came with the name of the donor and the God or specific prayers to the deity of the owner’s behalf. Looking at the â€Å"two Statuettes of two worshipers† before analyzing anything on them a person must first look at the art piece with no emotion, basically say everything you see on the surface. The man on the left has big eyes, his hands together, he seems to have no shirt on, he’s wearing a skirt reaching a little under his knees, he has a long beard, standing on his tip toes, and is made of what looks to be light brown. On the right side there is a woman with big eyes as well, she has much smaller hands then the male, she is wearing a hat, she’s wearing a fairly long dress, she is holding something in her left hand, is standing on a platform with a stick off to the right, is on her tip toes and seems to be light brown like the male. Looking at them both the women seems to have smaller features such as her hands, platform and overall size. The male has more of his body exposed such as more of his lags and torso. As for the sculptures they are both sculptures in the round. This means the artwork can be seen 360 degrees. When civilized society came to be, artwork no longer (as much as before) was only about animals or things in the wild. The philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel believed that art was a memory of man’s view of nature. Art is a kind of flashback to the original human in nature. When civilization came in people started to sculpt and make art of themselves, just like â€Å"two Statuettes of two worshipers† because people were no longer leaders of nature but leaders of themselves. This lead to self-painting/sculpting or of other people. Now viewing â€Å"two Statuettes of two worshipers† off the book Gardner’s art through the ages: The western perspective (12th edition). It states the statuettes are carved out of soft gypsum and inlaid with shell and black limestone. This was not known as a prized or sculptures of great meaning. These statues aren’t known to be that big. They range from under a foot to about thirty inches. The larger the statues simply meant how wealthy the person being portrayed in the statue really was. They have there arms crossed and are on their tip toes because they have to appear to be in a gesture of prayer because they were used for religious rites. The statuettes are not sculpted to be perfect but more rather body type and size. The exaggerated eyes are known to mean attentiveness necessary for fulfilling religious duty. From my point of view these statuettes demonstrate what males and females do in the society, their roles. I think the males’ larger features mean he is the laborer. He is in charge of going out for food and protecting his family. The smaller arms on the females suggests she is more fragile and is not meant to do hard labor. The males larger size does not necessarily mean superiority but it does mean he can be more powerful and dangerous. As for the big eyes it makes me feel scared of doing things because it seems their eyes are watching every move I make. It works like a police officer in a way because a person wouldn’t do bad things in front of a police officer. A person would feel like the police officer is watching and scare him/her into doing nothing bad, much like these statuettes. Long story short â€Å"Two Statuettes of two worshipers† were an example of man’s transition from the wild nomadic people moving place to place to a civilized society living in one place and being able to establish religion, social classes, and a home ultimately. These statuettes are very important to understanding the lives of early human. It’s amazing how people made and expressed their observations with art. People living in Mesopotamia (ancient near east) c8000-6000 BCE might have not known as much as we do now a days but they are some of the most intelligent people that have existed to this day.

Martin Luther King, Dead, And I Am Alive Essay - 905 Words

Martin Luther King is dead, and I am alive. How is it possible that this man, who spent years of his life making our world a more virtuous place to live, is taken, and I am left? A recent visit to the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site revived my passion for life against discrimination. As I visited the Martin Luther King, Jr. Museum and Visitor Center, Ebenezer Baptist Church, Mr. King’s grave site, and his childhood home, I felt compelled to observe my life to his and compare the passion, drive, and confidence he demonstrated. My journey began at the museum, and it immediately hit me that he left for college being fifteen-years-old. I always consider myself an earnest person, concerned with my school and community, involved in volunteering, and often spitting mad at injustice; however, I left home three years older than Martin Luther and have struggled with all the distractions, freedoms, and values that oppose those I previously learned to live by. Where unfamiliar people intimidate me, King felt we were all â€Å"interrelated.† Where I struggle to get through the assignments required by my professors, he burned to complete the assignment given him by God, saying it would be better to be â€Å"buried, than to be a slave.† On the other hand, aren’t we all slaves if we are not fulfilling our purpose in life? Surprising details acquired include King: getting a degree in sociology, being arrested for traveling 25 mph in a 30 mph zone, becoming founder and president of theShow MoreRelatedCivil Disobedience And The Apartheid1428 Words   |  6 Pagesvariety of civil rights issues. In India, Mahatma Gandhi used civil disobedience to nonviolently protest against the British Raj and, after a thirty-year struggle, earn independence both for himself and his people. In the United States, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. employed civil disobedience to overcome both the Jim Crow laws that had oppressed the African-American minority and the systemic racism that was once prevalent in the Southern United States. In South Africa, Nelson Mandela utilized civilRead Morethe advancement of racial equality4064 Words   |  17 Pagesfigure out a way to survive. The English settlers made friends with Indians who had already inhabited the land, in exchange for weapons and other valuable English goods the India ns taught the English how to farm and harvest their crops. Eventually, am American revolution would break out between the new nation and the crown of England. Thousands of new English settlers would join together with Indians and fight for the nation’s freedom which would come in 1783. But Indians were not the only peopleRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr And Mahatma Gandhi1560 Words   |  7 PagesMahatma Ghandi once said, â€Å"I object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent.† Although Gandhi is completely against violence, I believe that violence can be justified depending on the cause of it. If violence is used in the act of defense from an aggressor, then it is acceptable. However, in any other case, violence is unjustified. Looking back in history, several examples can be appreciated where violent paths were chosen. If thoseRead MoreThe American Dream : Dead, Alive, Or On Hold?1430 Words   |  6 Pages Anyone coming or currently living in the United States has a dream, or better yet known as the American Dream. What is the American Dream? Well, Brandon King, author of â€Å"The American Dream: Dead, Alive, or on Hold?† quoted James Truslow Adams, who wrote that the American Dream â€Å"is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability and achievement, regardless of coral class or circumstances of birth†(610). Everyone’sRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841450 Words   |  6 Pagesfamiliar with George Orwell’s â€Å"1984† will recall that â€Å"Newspeak was designed not to extend but to diminish the range of thought.† I recently felt the weight of this Orwellian ethos when many of my students sent emails to inform me, and perhaps warn me, that my name appears on the Professor Watchlist, a new website created by a conservative youth group known as T urning Point USA. I could sense the gravity in those email messages, a sense of relaying what is to come. The Professor Watchlist’s mission, amongRead MoreThe Dead : Culture Of Humanity1927 Words   |  8 Pages(SSB) — Revering the dead is culture of humanity. It is done in different parts of the world and by different communities. In Traditional American Indian burial prayer, for instance, the respect of the dead is shown in the way they are talked to as if they are alive and their prayer goes as follows: When I am dead, cry for me a little. Think of me sometimes, but not too much. It is not good for you to allow your thoughts to dwell too long on the dead. Think of me now and again as I was in life. At someRead MoreThe Bible As A Source Of Hope, Strength, Truth And History2380 Words   |  10 PagesTextual History of the Hebrew Bible† agrees with Free and Price. Debel’s research focuses on the different languages the Hebrew translation of the Bible has undergone, but Debel mentions scrolls found in the Dead Sea with Biblical evidence that have given us the Scriptures the world has today. â€Å"The Dead Sea Scrolls have revolutionized the field of biblical studies, and that their impact on the textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible cannot be overemphasized. Even if these manuscripts comprise, for the mostRead MoreAnalysis Of Bill O Reilly1688 Words   |  7 Pagesand Killing Kennedy. Since Bill O’Reilly has a background in history and even a degree in history s o that makes him even more qualified to write a book on John F. Kennedy and his presidency. Also at the time of the Kennedy presidency O’Reilly was alive and an aware citizen of society. Since Bill O’Reilly lived through this part of history this makes him even more qualified to write about this time in America. O’Reilly starts out Killing Kennedy by beginning with an incident of how Kennedy hasRead More Comparing Aime Cesaires A Tempest and Shakespeares The Tempest2940 Words   |  12 Pagesand economic gain (Keen 55-56). Worse yet, religion became a thin facade for covering up the greed for economic gain (Keen 106-08). Ironically, the King James Bible of 1611, the very Bible that many Europeans held dear to their hearts, warns of the atrocities of greed in a most prophetic way. For the Love of money is the root of all evil. . . . (I Timothy 6:11). Nevertheless, to many Europeans, the New World represented an opportunity to make a fortune (Garraty 2). It was the unplundered treasureRead MoreAntigone6411 Words   |  26 Pagesprocess the king of Thebes. When the truth of this became known to him, he blinded himself. This story is the subject of the first two plays by Sophocles in the Oedipus cycle, Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus. Four children were born of that incestuous marriage–two boys, Eteocles and Polynices, and two girls, Antigone and Ismene. When we join the action here, Antigone’s two brothers, Eteocles and Polynices, have died at each other’s hands, Eteocles while defending Thebes and its new king Creon

Difference Between Musical Theatre And Film Musicals

A musical film is a genre of movie where songs sung by characters are added into the storyline, occasionally complemented by choreography. The musical numbers in these films do not always develop the plot and characters, but they do give the films a more exciting quality. The primary difference between musical theatre and film musicals is the use of extravagant scenery that would be extraordinarily unreasonable for a stage performance. While making movies, the individuals involved have the luxury of being able to shoot multiple takes and have the time to move backgrounds around or change their entire location. Stage performances, on the other hand, must have scenery that can be easily and efficiently moved on and offstage when it is needed. In order to be able to thoroughly comprehend this relatively recent- in the grand scheme of things- form of entertainment, one should understand the history behind these musical films, be aware of some of the â€Å"big names† that are well- known, and recognize major titles that revolutionized musical film forever (Scaruffi, P., 2005). Before being able to completely appreciate musical films, one must be aware of their remarkable history and how they came into existence. According to an article written by Cara Schreffler: Since the days of the ancient Greeks, music has been an integral part of drama and theatre. Many composers wrote music to accompany plays, and sometimes the music became more well-known than the play it was written for †¦ ItShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Disneyfication Of Broadway 1416 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A trip to 42nd street circa 1990 was certainly no destination fit for a family. Walls of graffiti adorn the peeling awnings of storefronts and theatres promise private dances and live nude women. Porn shops dotted the city block with colorful invitations to sex hotlines and signs prohibiting entry to anyone under the age of eighteen (Wollman 445). Decades earlier, during the Prohibition era, speakeasies and brothels lined the city, creating New York’s red light district. Today’s TimesRead MoreCeo Robert A. Disney Corporation1561 Words   |  7 PagesStudios released Frozen, which was the highest grossing animated film ever (Fiscal Year 2014). Therefore, the profits generated by DTP, though surely sizable, often don’t have a significant impact on the total profits of the studios. However, according to Ken Cerniglia, DTP’s resident Dramaturge and Literary Manager, â€Å"a decade ago [the studio] had [some] really bad years, in which case our [DTP’s ] profit ended up being the difference for in the black or in the red overall† (May 26). In 2014 theRead MoreTheatre As A Cultural Expression For Societys Theatrical Tradition1390 Words   |  6 Pagesaccount differences within as well as between national cultures, and to ‘produce the experience of difference’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Knowles, 2010, p. 31). Like any other art form, theatre is often a cultural expression for societies around the world. Indeed, most cultures have their own theatrical traditions -- America’s theatrical tradition is the musical, Prague’s theatrical tradition is the Black Light theatre, and Japan’s theatrical tradition is Noh theatre, to name a few. However, of all art forms, theatre has beenRead MoreCritical Analysis of what makes The Lion King a successful musical1277 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Lion King musical is a well-known musical that has taken the stages of Broadway, West End and the rest of the world by storm (The Lion King, 1997). Regarding the process of the musical, Artistic Director Julie Taymor’s first thoughts for choosing the Lion King as the next big thing on stage, was classed as ‘impossible’ due to the film’s lack of theatrical material (The Lion King, 1997). Therefore, staging this particular work contained a great deal of uncertainty and the needRead MoreThe Song Ten Minutes Ago, Is From Rodgers And Hammerstein s Cinderella1749 Words   |  7 PagesThe song â€Å"Ten Minutes Ago† is from Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Cinderella. A musical adaption of the classic fairytale by the same name, it became a musical sensation when Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein transformed it into a live musical television broadcast in 1957. Starring Julie Andrews, it retold the fairytale of a young girl living a miserable life u nder the roof of her evil stepmother and her three equally vicious stepsisters. With the Prince’s Ball nearing, the four women in her familyRead MoreAn Analysis Of Andrew Lloyd Webber s An Broadway Producer That Is A Part Of A Publicly Traded Company928 Words   |  4 PagesIn addition to non-profit, and independent producers, DTP can also be compared to other corporate theatre producers. However, before this comparison is made it must be noted that currently DTP is the only major Broadway producer that is a part of a publicly traded company. Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Really Useful Group was public between 1986 and 1990, but private since 1990 (Hunter). The other notable public theatrical producer was Livent, a Canadian company founded in 1990 by Garth Drabinsky and MyronRead MoreStage Vs Screen Essay : Stage Versus Screen1593 Words   |  7 Pages12th Ave Arts theatre. Next, I watched the 2012 version of Les Misà ©rables directed by Tom Hooper. At the end of the play that I saw, I was shocked at how I felt afterwards. Not only did the story make me think, but the way the story was presented to the audience also gave me something else to compare to movie going. Major differences that I found between the stage and the screen were the acting, the audience, and the design of the show. After seeing a play in person and viewing a film on my computerRead MoreNew York City s East Village1579 Words   |  7 Pagessunsets, in midnights, in cups of coffee, in inches, in miles, in laughter, in strife.† This is the song from the Broadway musical hit Rent. The play is a perfect mix of catchy rock songs, real life problems and experiences with exciting characters and storylines that made the show destined to be a hit. And a hit it became, as it is a winner of the Tony Award for Best Musical and Pulitzer Prize winner for Drama. The play is set in New York City’s East Village during the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the lateRead MoreThe View and Interpr etation of the Term Genre1368 Words   |  5 Pageshow it relates to the way we view and interpret films The way in which we, as an audience, view and interpret films can be seen to relate directly to our understanding of ‘genre’. However, what is genre? Drawing on the knowledge of key theorists and critics such as Steve Neale and Barry Langford this essay will first attempt to define genre and our understanding of it before focusing on how genre relates to the audiences view and interpretation of films. It will also touch upon the historical contextsRead MoreReview Of Waiting For Godot, Hamlet, And Moulin Rouge903 Words   |  4 PagesIn some aspects great musicals and orchestral scores can add to the experience of a theatrical play, but films have adapted these aspects as well and have proven to be a more successful form of entertainment. Theatre productions have become secondhand in comparison, though still viewed as a high class of an entertainment, it is not nearly as successful to reaching a widespread audience as the film industry has accomplished. The resulting fi lm adaptations that have theatre-like qualities often fail

The Unique Function Of Nursing - 1867 Words

The Unique Function of Nursing In the time of World War I, nursing care was crucial to all of society, Virginia Henderson recognized this and challenged and applied her theories. Henderson had defined nursing in her dimensions and applied it to the basic human needs. She also was able to reflect and notice the need for a nurse-patient relationship. It was through a critical mind that her theories could be applied to patients of today and of the future. When exploring my future career, it is critical to appreciate and apply this theory to the elderly, the young, the middle-aged and anyone who may come into contact with me as a nurse. Virginia Henderson is commonly known as the â€Å"first lady of nursing† (Nicely, 2011, p.72); in regards to the research and theories she generated throughout her life. Virginia Henderson started her inquisitive nursing journey early in her career. Coming from a family of eight, Henderson had two brothers serving in World War I, and with a foreseen shortage of nurses had enroll ed in the Army School of Nursing. (Gordon, Touhy, Gesse, Dombro Birnach, 2010) With every experience in Henderson’s career, she explored alternate practices to be applied. It was from her skepticism that her theories of nursing that are known today had immerged. In an era when nursing was not commonly explored Virginia Henderson analyzed and had defined nursing in her dimensions. Henderson believed that, The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick orShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1260 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy of Nursing As a professional nurse, my personal philosophy of nursing is based on the core belief that all individuals possess unique characteristics and needs. Each person is the product of their own personal growth through learning and experience, resulting in individual and unique cultural, spiritual and developmental dimensions. Nursing is a dynamic, helping, healing and caring process. It employs the unique application of knowledge andRead MoreNursing Concepts of Virginia Henderson1298 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: VIRGINIA AVENEL HENDERSON Nursing Concepts of Virginia Avenel Henderson Barbara Sullivan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for NSG 316: Introduction to Professional Nursing Practice University of Southern Mississippi Fall Mini-Session, 2009 Abstract This paper provides a biographical look at the life and work of Virginia Avenel Henderson. Her definition of nursing focused on the function of nursing as assisting the individual, sick or well,Read MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1500 Words   |  6 PagesNursing philosophies is derived from both individual and professional organizational aspects, which can greatly influence one’s personal perceptions of the profession, nursing. Every nurse should have a philosophy or a set of beliefs upon which to base nursing action. It is important to note that philosophies of nursing are dynamic in nature and may change throughout time. Having a written philosophy is not only considered as an academic exercise but also a requirement of professional accreditingRead MoreImportance Of Theory Of Nursing Theory1723 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Theory Evelyne Previl Chamberlain College of Nursing Importance of Theory Nursing theory is defined as a group of concepts, philosophy, or ideas that define and guide the nursing practice. In fact, nursing practice is firmly rooted from these concepts that were at times empirical, then abstract, and inferential. Reflecting back to the time of Florence Nightingale who is the pioneer in modern nursing and nursing theory up to the corner of 21st century, it gives anRead MoreVirginia Hendersons Need Theory Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Nightingale of Modern Nursing† †¢ â€Å"Modern-Day Mother of Nursing.† †¢ The 20th century Florence Nightingale. †¢ Born in Kansas City, Missouri, November 30, 1897. †¢ Fifth of eight children of Lucy Abbot Henderson and Daniel B. Henderson †¢ Received a Diploma in Nursing from the Army School of Nursing at Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, D.C. in 1921. †¢ Worked at the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service for 2 years after graduation. †¢ In 1923, started teaching nursing at the Norfolk ProtestantRead MoreNursing Theorist Virginia Hendersons Nursing Need Theory715 Words   |  3 PagesNursing Theorist Virginia Henderson Virginia Henderson developed the Nursing Need theory to define the extraordinary focus of nursing practice. The credentials and background, type of theory, theoretical sources, and major concepts and assumptions of this theorist will be discussed in detail. I will also be examining the application and use of this theory as well as recommendations of use in today’s nursing practice. Credentials and Background Virginia Henderson was born November 30, 1897 inRead MoreJean Watson s Theory Of Human Caring1361 Words   |  6 PagesJean Watson’s Theory of Caring is the model often used to guide and direct nursing care as well as to improve nursing practice through a better understanding of the role and function of the professional nurse. It is an important theory to the nursing world because it brings meaning and focus to nursing as an emerging discipline and distinct health profession that has its own unique values, knowledge, and practices. It is important to our group because we read an article on infertile women in TurkeyRead MoreV. Henderson Theory Critique Essay1385 Words   |  6 PagesVirginia A. Henderson’s Nursing Theory Critique Gaylinn Breeze Maryville University Abstract This paper aims to provide an in depth critique of Henderson’s Nursing Theory using Fawcett’s framework for analysis and evaluation of nursing models. 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According to the National League of Nursing (2013) the annual survey of nursing schools in fall of 2012 for Bachelors of Science in Nursing (BSN) programs increased from 677 programs in 2011 to 696 programs in 2012 (National League of Nursing, 2013). In a 2010 survey of professional trends, over 5.1 million nursing professionals were working in the U.S, making it the fastest growing career between 2006 and 2010 (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2015).

Value Pricing at Procter Gamble Free Essays

string(109) " relatively more promotional spending, in-order to increase market-share and sales irrespective of the cost\." Specific assumptions about the relationship between price changes and market share changes Table. 2 Suggested Budget Requirements Fig. 1 Value Price Result Value  Pricing  At  Procter  Ã‚  Gamble  (A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Objective 1: Prisoner’s Dilemma The PG pricing system in the 70s and 80s was oriented towards market share. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Pricing at Procter Gamble or any similar topic only for you Order Now Please describe the prisoner’s dilemma in which those companies in the PG’s markets got rewarded that maintained or increased their price promotions. For sake of discussion, let us use a single company (Unilever) as an example to illustrate how all the companies in PG’s markets experience prisoner’s dilemma. Since Unilever and PG operate in the same market, a lot of their actions are interdependent on one another. Initially, the two firms were engaged in a prisoner’s dilemma. Major moves in product, pricing or policy without providing their intentions to the other would result in losses for both companies. Thus, a surprise move by any firm would yield lead to inefficiency. Ideally, both parties would prefer to escape the dilemma. This desire would give birth to a cooperative set of behaviour between the two players. This cooperation however would cease if Unilever (or P;G) decides to change its behaviour by increasing or maintaining its price promotions when P;G (or Unilever) chooses to cut back on promotions. Such a move by Unilever would lead to the adoption of a sequential games situation by both firms as the traditional cooperation would no longer exist. By looking ahead to the future response of P;G and reasoning back to the present, Unilever decides that this approach would be best for the firm. By increasing promotions without notifying P;G (which is planning to cut back on promotions), Unilever may see an advantage to the firm. This is referred to as opportunistic behaviour. Unilever may have the perception of P;G as being a bullying firm, and Unilever did not want to be left cooperating only to have P;G cheat. Since the two firms were cooperating, both firms would be expecting the other to react to such a move. P;G now faces a dilemma whether to increase its price promotions, or to devote funds to increase advertising on products, or to go ahead and cut back on promotions (original plan and the riskiest). Although it is uncertain how they respond, there is no doubt that Unilever would have analysed the probabilities of P;G’s potential reactions. Since consumers had become increasingly price sensitive, PG would lose out in market share if they did not react. It is likely that they would choose to respond with a tit-for-tat move through mimicking Unilever in order to penalize them for cheating. This would result in Unilever hitting back, thus causing PG to deliver a second punishment. There is no doubt that Unilever analysed this position of PG and decided on the probability of PG’s response. Since P;G has value in other markets, it is likely that they would respond and react. Though a reaction is likely, Unilever knew that its consumers are risk-averse. Thus by surprising P;G with higher price promotions, consumers would attach loyalty to Unilever products before P;G could come up with a strategy. If P;G reacted by offering similar promotions, consumers would continue to purchase Unilever products till the prices offered by P;G are low enough (resulting in lower profits) to make consumers shift their loyalties. Value  Pricing  At  Procter  ;  Gamble  (A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 P;G could; however, do a number of things to overcome the risk aversion involved in Unilever’s move. First, they could rely on their reputation to launch similar or better promotions, since risk aversion would be minimal as both firms are well-known national chains. They could advertise against Unilever, or launch ads which compare the prices; something that had not previously been done when the two firms were cooperating. Since this reaction is probable, Unilever has established that this reaction by PG will result in an economic advantage in at least one of its markets. Perhaps PG’s reaction would allow Unilever to go ahead and capture new markets while P;G counters this initial move. Unilever decided to cease the cooperative strategy and made an opportunistic move by offering higher price promotions without notifying P;G. Before doing so, it was imperative that Unilever analysed the probable reactions; as well as, the results of these actions. Though it would likely illicit a tit-for-tat response, Unilever felt that the probable outcome would be advantageous enough to cease the cooperative strategy. Unilever’s approach demonstrates an ability to look ahead and reason backward to select a move that will help them to gain market share at the cost of PG (or basically any company which chooses to cut back). Objective 2: Organizational Problem Which was PG’s organizational problem that enforced these strong promotional activities? Each business category which consisted of a collection of up to 3 brands was headed by a General Manager. The General Manager of each category had ownership of his/her own Profit and Loss statement. Within the category each brand was managed by Brand Managers. Each brand group was responsible for the success of the brand they managed. Hence there was competition within brands for the promotional budgets as well as manufacturing capacity. Promotion up the ranks within PG was dependent on the sales and profits of each brand in the case of brand managers and for each category in the case of category General Managers. Even though a criteria like the ability to develop the skills and talent pool of the people lower in the hierarchy was present, it was still the sales and market share parameters that dominated the promotion decision within the firm. Amidst the fight for market share among FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) companies, promotional spending increased and soon became a norm. Brand Mangers in PG had short stints on a given brand (maybe a year or two) before they moved either horizontally, vertically or out of the organization. Since compensation and evaluation of performance was dependent on growth over previous year’s sales, managers pushed for relatively more promotional spending, in-order to increase market-share and sales irrespective of the cost. You read "Value Pricing at Procter Gamble" in category "Papers" The short-stint of managers did not give them any incentive to think about the long term profitability of the brand, since they were not the ones who would be Value  Pricing  At  Procter  Ã‚  Gamble  (A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 held accountable in the long term. This led to a short-term focus by the manager for their own gain/incentive rather than looking at the broader picture and profits of the company as a whole. Hence strong promotional activities were enforced due this particular organization and incentive structure. Objective 3: Risks of implementing Value Pricing The category manager for dish care, John Bess, was considering the introduction of value based pricing (= fair price; lower list pricing than before, but less promotions). Please describe the major risks for PG in 1991 in case of implementing value pricing in the market for light-duty liquid detergents. Following are the main challenges and risks that P G could face on implementation of value pricing 1. Operational Challenges: Applying and implementing the value pricing across the company shall certainly have the operational difficulties. This shall be complicated considering the large company and category size, various brands in the LDL Detergent Category, 8000-person sales force and thousands of customers. 2. Difficult to maintain Price Stability: Price Stability is critical to build and maintain a strong brand franchise and value pricing aims for the same. The category saw four price changes per year, on average, and there are 64 different price zones across the U. S. making it more challenging to implement the value pricing. Even if executed, it will be really difficult to create and maintain a significant price impression in the consumer’s mind. 3. No cushion for absorbing abrupt changes in raw material prices- These price changes shall have to be passed on to customers thus defeating the purpose of providing value pricing to the customers. This may also lead to fluctuations in prices. 4. Opposition by Distribution Channel Members: Margins and benefits to distribution channel members – retailers, distributors and wholesalers shall be squeezed under value pricing. There are fears that wholesalers and retailers may oppose the move and can either punish P G in some way so as to deter competition from taking any such moves or can altogether deny passing the lower prices to the customers or at the worse, delist P G products. 5. Uncertainty about volume and revenue forecast: Value Pricing is very new to P G and thus there is an uncertainty about the profit of the company and different members in the distribution channel in case value pricing is adopted by P G. Besides this is an untested experiment. And the risks are huge (P G market share for the category is too low (10%), and it will be difficult to lead the remaining 90% market. 6. Promotion and Price Pressure from the Competition: LDL has become a promotion-intensive category and is one of the most heavily promoted categories in the grocery store. P G’s own research showed that the Value  Pricing  At  Procter  Ã‚  Gamble  (A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6 market share was highly correlated with leadership in major media and feature advertising. Competitors like General Foods and Nestle have been fighting hard on price. So reduction of spending on promotion (as for value pricing) may hit back P G in future. 7. Impact on customers: Value pricing shall make P G move away from discounting. Thus, it may lead to the loss of discount-searching customers to the competitors who rely heavily on providing discounts and coupons to customers. Value pricing may lead to almost 10-20% price reduction and can altogether reposition the P G products in the market. Value-based pricing may increase the loyal customers but the impact shall be much slower whereas the loss of the discount-searching customers shall be immediate. Long-Term gains with the increase in loyal customers may probably be well off-set by the loss of discount-searching customers. 8. Loss of Shelf Space: Prominent visibility and placement of a product is an important factor for the customer in order to make a purchase decision. Move to value pricing shall lead to the loss of fair share of shelf space and display allocation as no emphasis on the same is being laid in value pricing. 9. Fall out impact: Introduction of value pricing is a significant decision for P G and shall require radical changes at the organizational level. P G had not done anything this radical on such a scale earlier. In case of the Value-based pricing not working for P G, the fall-out effects can put the business at high risk thereby impacting brand and category profitability and customer loyalty at risk. Objective 4: Short Proposal for Value Pricing In the coffee market, PG’s own research showed that market share was highly correlated with leadership in major media and feature advertising. The responsible managers had many arguments not to introduce value pricing. However, assume you really want to implement value pricing. Please write a short proposal including recommendations for new list prices and budget requirements across the various marketing vehicles. Effects on sales and profits should be included. Please use case exhibit 13 as a basis for your pricing proposal (current, old plan) and calculate changes in the plan due to the implementation of value pricing (new plan). Even though our own research showed that market share was highly correlated with leadership in major media and feature advertising, which does not suggest Value Pricing strategy for coffee category, we still think this method can help us to achieve higher profit, based on reasonable assumptions and planning. Therefore, we work out a Value Pricing protocol for the coffee product, which is as follows: Value  Pricing  At  Procter r  Ã‚  Gamble  (A A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 Part I Basic Assumptions about the ma I: arket reacti towards price changes ion 1. Fr rom the artic we know that the consumers in the coffee segment is highly sens cle, w n sitive to pric Therefore the ce. e, ma arket reactio to price ch on hanges should be remark kable. As price goes down, the market share should incr s m e rease. When the price d n decreased to a certain am mount, which can h att tract the mos sensitive consumers to change, th market sha should in st c o he are ncreased by the largest p percentage. T Then, the increasing rate should be down. e He are the sp ere pecific assum mptions abou the relatio ut onship betwe price cha een anges and m market share changes Ite ems Unit Price Changes e Market Sha Changes M are s Senario 1 -10% +7% Senar 2 rio -15% % +15% % Sena 3 ario -2 20% +1 18% Se enario 4 -25% +21% + Senario 5 S -30% +23% Senario 6 -35% +24% Table Assumpt e. 1 tions about th relationsh between price changes and mark share cha he hip ket anges 2. As A in value pr ricing strateg the prom gy, motion should be decreas along with the price adjustment, to find the d sed op ptimal list price of coffee we set up a 10% decre e; ease in mark keting expend diture in all scenarios, w which is att tainable base on our co ed ompany’s con nditions. 3. W simply ass We sume the ma arket size, de livered cost are not chan t nging. Part I Value Pr II: ricing Proce Please re the attac ess: efer ched Excel f file. Part I Value P III: Price result: Please refer the attached Excel file. r d Fig. 1 V Value Price R Result Here b Value Pri by icing, we fin the best list price for o coffee, w nd our which is 47. 8 And the d 81. derived prof based on o fit our assum mptions will b 71. 71, wh improve by 28. 75% be hich ed %. Value  Pricing  At  Procter  Ã‚  Gamble  (A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Part IV: Budget requirements From the article, we already knew that feature advertising is important to market share, so we will not cut the Feature display part in total marketing expenditures. We try to control the un-critical part to realize the deduction in marketing. Here are the suggested budget requirements: Total Budget for marketing expenditures Advertising Coupons Off Invoice/Feature display 38. 55 35. 15 265. 67 339. 37 Table. 2 Suggested Budget Requirements How to cite Value Pricing at Procter Gamble, Papers